Implementing a Standardized Phase-of-Care Craniotomy Education Program.

Leaders at a community hospital in the southeastern United States sought to add a craniotomy program to meet the needs of the local patient population. Perioperative and critical-care nurses required specific knowledge and skills to care for patients undergoing craniotomy procedures. The facility's education team applied adult learning theories and an innovation diffusion framework when developing an evidence-based craniotomy education program. A clinical nurse specialist conducted a gap analysis and readiness assessment to determine the nurses' knowledge, skills, and competence to care for patients; attitudes and behaviors toward implementation of the new program; and preferred learning methods. The three-tiered phase-of-care education program included didactic learning sessions, shadowing experiences, hands-on experience with equipment, and simulation sessions. The program focused on effective collaboration and care transitions. Nurses were satisfied with the program, and they continue to participate in ongoing quarterly simulation sessions with case study scenarios to enhance their skills.

Laing and Rogers in London: An unfortunate meeting or something else?

BACKGROUND: In the summer of 1978 a large 1-day event was scheduled to take place in the Grand Ballroom at the Hilton Hotel in Park Lane, London between the psychotherapists Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987), and his associates, and Ronald D. Laing (1927-1989) and his group. From among all the eyewitness accounts of that meeting, I have found only the testimonies of Maureen O'Hara, Ian Cunningham, Charles Elliot, and Emmy van Deurzen. According to O'Hara, Laing behaved in a rude, impolite, and aggressive way toward his American colleague Rogers. For his part, Cunningham says that Rogers came over as he had expected: a genuinely nice, caring, humane person. Laing, though, was even more impressive in person than in his books. Similarly, Elliot observes that Laing and Rogers held a genuine encounter, one in which both sat like two real mutually respecting persons who asked each other questions, while the perspective of van Deurzen is more in line with that of O'Hara than that of Elliot. AIMS: Taking into account the different versions given on the Laing-Rogers event, I will analyze whether this encounter was only an unfortunate meeting or something else. METHODS: Narrative review; combining eyewitness accounts with the few sources found in the literature on this topic. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: As I will show here, all these accounts taken jointly paint a picture of Laing as a brilliant clinician and as a terrible man. Without exculpating Laing for committing all sorts of mischief, I will offer a tentative account of his behavior sustained by his own psychic dynamics. In doing so, I will attempt to explain why Laing reacted in so censurable a way, going beyond Thomas S. Szasz's (1920-2012) condemnation in his essay on antipsychiatry, which gives credence only to O'Hara's version without quoting more sources or posing more questions.

Policy education in a research-focused doctoral nursing program: Power as knowing participation in change.

Nurses have moral obligations incurred by membership in the profession to participate knowingly in health policy advocacy. Many barriers have historically hindered nurses from realizing their potential to advance health policy. The contemporary political context sets additional challenges to policy work due to polarization and conflict. Nursing education can help nurses recognize their role in advancing health through political advocacy in a manner that is consistent with disciplinary knowledge and ethical responsibilities. In this paper, the authors describe an exemplar of Elizabeth Barrett's "Power as Knowing Participation in Change" theory as a disciplinary lens within a doctoral nursing health policy course. Barrett (radically) emphasizes "power as freedom" instead of "power as control." This approach is congruent with nursing disciplinary values and enhances awareness of personal freedom and building collaborative relationships in the policy process. The theory was used in concert with other traditional policy content and frameworks from nursing and other disciplines. We discuss the role of nursing ethics viewed as professional responsibility for policy action, an overview of Barrett's theory, and the design of the course. Four student reflections on how the course influenced their thinking about policy advocacy are included. While not specific to policymaking, Barrett's theory provides a disciplinary grounding to increase students' awareness of freedom and choices in political advocacy participation. Our experience suggests that Barrett's work can be fruitful for enhancing nurses' awareness of choices to participate in change across settings.

Lessons Learned from a Shared Curriculum on Tobacco Cessation Using a Mixed-Methods Approach.

Although the sharing of curricular content between health professional schools can reduce faculty burden, the literature provides little guidance to support these efforts. The objective of this investigation was to synthesize data from two prior studies to delineate recommendations guiding the future development of shared curricula in health professional education. Applying Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Theory as a guiding framework, relevant data were extracted from a two-phase mixed-methods study evaluating the long-term impact of the shared Rx for Change: Clinician-Assisted Tobacco Cessation program. Phase 1, a qualitative study, involved telephone interviews with faculty participants of train-the-trainer workshops conducted between 2003 and 2005. These results informed the development of a phase 2 national survey, administered electronically as a long-term follow-up (13 to 15 years later) with train-the-trainer workshop participants. Results from the two studies were synthesized and summarized, producing seven key recommendations to guide development of shared curricula: (1) appeal to attendees, (2) relate content to clinical practice, (3) deliver live, in-person training, (4) develop high-quality materials, delivered by experts, (5) provide support, (6) meet accreditation standards, and (7) demonstrate effectiveness. Future program developers should consider these recommendations to enhance dissemination, adoption, and long-term sustainability of shared curricular content.

Terapia Centrada na Pessoa e Processo de Reorganização da Autoimagem e Autoestima: Pesquisa-Ação / Person-Centered Therapy and the Reorganizing Self-Image and Self-Esteem Process: Action Research / Terapia No Dirigida y el Proceso de Reorganización de la Autoimagen y la Autoestima: Investigación-Acción

Este artigo objetivou compreender o processo terapêutico proporcionado por uma prática interventiva de curta-duração centrada em pessoas com problemas de autoimagem corporal e autoestima. Seguindo um delineamento metodológico qualitativo, a pesquisa e as intervenções terapêuticas aconteceram sob a influência do desenho de pesquisa-ação. Trabalhou-se com as seguintes etapas: planejamento do processo terapêutico à luz das condições necessárias e suficientes para mudança de personalidade e as fases do processo terapêutico; desenvolvimento da prática de ajuda; monitoramento da ação a partir da supervisão, revisão dos atendimentos e entrevistas semiestruturadas com os participantes; análise fenomenológica empírica dos impactos afetivos da terapia a partir da perspectiva dos clientes atendidos; entendimento disso a partir do referencial rogeriano. Foram elaborados e discutidos os seguintes eixos temáticos relacionados ao processo terapêutico: fatores que levaram à busca por ajuda psicológica e constituíram a atmosfera terapêutica; significação negativa da experiência corporal; significação real da experiência de autoestima em relação ao corpo; mudanças de atitudes em relação à percepção de si e ao autocuidado. Concluiu-se que a terapia centrada na pessoa produziu impactos afetivos significativos que ajudaram esses clientes a lidar com suas experiências de imagem corporal e autoestima.

This article aimed to understand the therapeutic process provided by a short-term interventional practice centered on people with body self-esteem and self-image problems. Following a qualitative methodological design, the research and therapeutic interventions took place under the influence of the action research design. The following stages were used: planning the therapeutic process in light of the necessary and sufficient conditions for personality change and the therapeutic process phases; development of aid practice; action monitoring based on supervision, service review and semi-structured interviews with the participants; empirical phenomenological analysis of the affective impacts of therapy from the perspective of the clients assisted; understanding of this from the Rogerian framework. The following thematic axes related to the therapeutic process were elaborated and discussed: factors that led to the search for psychological help and constituted the therapeutic atmosphere; negative meaning of bodily experience; real meaning of the self-esteem experience in relation to the body; changes in attitudes towards self-perception and self-care. It was concluded that person-centered therapy produces significant affective impacts that helped these clients to deal with their body image and self-esteem experiences.

Este articulo tuvo como objetivo comprender el proceso terapéutico proporcionado por una práctica intervencionista de corta duración centrada en personas con problemas de autoimagen corporal y autoestima. Siguiendo un diseño metodológico cualitativo, la investigación y las intervenciones terapéuticas se desarrollaron bajo la investigación-acción. Se trabajó con los siguientes pasos: planificación del proceso terapéutico a la luz de las condiciones necesarias y suficientes para el cambio de personalidad y las fases del proceso terapéutico; desarrollo de prácticas de ayuda; seguimiento de la acción basado en la supervisión, revisión del servicio y entrevistas semiestructuradas con los participantes; análisis fenomenológico empírico de los impactos afectivos de la terapia desde la perspectiva de los clientes atendidos; comprensión de esto desde el referencial rogeriano. Fueron elaborados los siguientes ejes: factores que llevaron a búsqueda de ayuda psicológica y constituyen una atmósfera terapéutica; significado negativo de la experiencia corporal; significación real de la experiencia de la autoestima en relación con el cuerpo; cambios en las actitudes en relación con la autopercepción y autocuidado. Se concluyó que la terapia centrada en la persona produjo impactos afectivos significativos que ayudaron a estos clientes a lidiar con sus experiencias de imagen corporal y autoestima.

Biographical Narrative Research From the Perspective of the Science of Unitary Human Beings: A Methodological Approach.

Narrating or storytelling is a fundamental practice for human survival and a means for finding meaning in experiences and for enhancing self-understanding. The use of story has been present in nursing since its origins. Biographical narrative has rarely been used as a research method in nursing, and there are no examples conceptualizing biographical narrative research methods within a unitary science perspective. The purpose of this paper is to describe one specific narrative methodological approach-the biographical narrative research method-and to link the method to the science of unitary human beings as a means of creating a unitary understanding of the storied nature of human-health experiences.

The impact of local staging of prostate cancer determined on MRI or DRE at time of radical prostatectomy on progression-free survival: A Will Rogers phenomenon.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to test whether the current practice of using mpMRI stage might lead to a Will Rogers phenomenon with a stage migration compared to DRE in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 572 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy at a single institution (2007-2017) were included. Clinical stage using digital rectal examination was determined on table by the operating surgeon; mpMRI and pathological stage were recorded after tumor board review. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as no rising PSA, no adjuvant/salvage treatment, and no metastases or mortality. PFS was compared between groups and a model incorporating mpMRI into the EAU risk groups was created. RESULTS: Median age was 63 years (IQR 58.5-67) and median PSA was 8.9 ng/ml (IQR 6.5-13.2). Using DRE stage, 20% were NCCN low risk, 43% were intermediate, and 37% high. Median follow-up was 48 months (IQR 22-73). Estimated PFS at 1, 3, and 5 years was 75%, 59%, and 54%, respectively. When comparing PFS between DRE and mpMRI stages, patients deemed T1 (P < 0.01) or T3 (P = 0.03) by mpMRI showed better outcomes than patients staged T1 or T3 by DRE. On univariable analysis lower risk for failure was seen for MRI T1 disease (HR 0.10 95%, CI 0.01-0.73, P = 0.02) or MRI T3 (HR 0.70, CI 0.51-0.97, P = 0.03). On multivariable analysis, only MRI T1 remained a significant predictor (HR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.59, P = 0.01). The subsequent, modified EAU risk model using both DRE and mpMRI performed significantly better than the DRE model. CONCLUSION: PFS based on mpMRI is not the same as DRE staging. Current risk groups which use DRE should be used with caution in whom local stage is based on mpMRI. Our modified EAU-risk categories can provide greater accuracy.

Investigation of open educational resources adoption in higher education using Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory.

Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching, and research resources provided under the Creative Commons (CC) licenses and can be freely used, shared, and modified. However, OER adoption is not widespread, and various barriers remain in the way of its growing emphasis. This article is aimed to investigate OER adoption in higher institutions by using Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory. 422 responses to an online survey from faculty are gathered and analyzed, where adaptive attributes of DOI are adopted. The results of the descriptive method confirmed that relative advantage has a positive impact on faculty OER adoption. Indeed, positive impacts of observability and complexity are also shown. Ultimately, the findings from the structural model used, indicated that there is a positive correlation between trialability and respectively complexity and compatibility. Whereas relative advantage of OER impacts positively complexity and negatively compatibility. This study showed that it is not enough that faculty agree on OER benefits for teaching and research, the OER adoption rate must increase. Decision-makers in higher institutions are asked to perform additional OER initiatives to overcome challenges related to OER trialability, complexity, and compatibility.

A Rogerian Vision of Gender in a Pandimensional Universe.

Rogers' science of unitary human beings is used to present a unitary process in the origin of humans and the evolution of gender. It is suggested that the increasing diversity of gender may be indicative of the future of humankind. Human field image and Barrett's power theory are used to understand gender identity, experience, and expression for wellbecoming.

Proposição de um modelo de pesquisa-ação para aprimorar práticas humanistas centradas na pessoa: apontamentos metodológicos / Proposition of an action-research model to improve person-centered humanistic practices: methodological appointments

Este artigo objetiva propor um modelo de pesquisa-ação para aprimorar práticas individuais, educacionais e grupais norteadas pelo referencial da Psicologia Humanista de Carl Rogers. Inicialmente, apresenta as pesquisas desenvolvidas por ele durante a construção do seu método interventivo, segundo um delineamento quase-experimental. Posteriormente, demonstra como Rogers contatou a ideia de pesquisa-ação elaborada por Kurt Lewin e indicou o paradigma fenomenológico e sua metodologia empírica como recursos qualitativos para desenvolver a Psicologia Humanista. Depois, apresenta em que consiste a pesquisa-ação. Em seguida, demonstra como tratar um objeto de estudo e intervenção no referencial rogeriano, organizando-o em um ciclo de pesquisa e ação mediante as etapas de: registro de ideias, teorias e conceitos; planejamento da ação; intervenção; monitoramento da ação com base na Versão de Sentido concebida por Mauro Amatuzzi; e avaliação da ação conforme o método fenomenológico empírico de Amedeo Giorgi. Esse modelo segue critérios metodológicos os quais possibilitam avanços na abordagem rogeriana, na medida em que investiga as implicações das práticas humanistas com certos tipos de experiências e as desenvolve quando necessário.

This article aims to propose an action-research model to improve individual, educational and group practices guided by the framework of Carl Rogers' Humanistic Psychology. Initially, it presents the research developed by Rogers during the construction of his interventionist method, according to a quasi-experimental design. Subsequently, we demonstrate how Rogers contacted the idea of action research developed by Kurt Lewin and indicated the phenomenological paradigm and its empirical methodology as qualitative resources to develop Humanistic Psychology. After that, we present what the action-research consists of. Finally, we demonstrate how to treat a study object and intervention in a Rogerian referential, organizing it in a cycle of research and action through the stages of the recording of ideas, theories, and concepts; action planning; intervention; action monitoring based on the Sense Version designed by Mauro Amatuzzi; and action evaluation according to the Amedeo Giogi's empirical phenomenological method. We conclude that this model follows methodological criteria, which enable advances in the Rogerian approach insofar as it investigates humanistic practices' implications with certain types of experiences and develops them when necessary.

Rebuilding hippocampus neural circuit with hADSC-derived neuron cells for treating ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) have been demonstrated to be a promising autologous stem cell source for treating various neuronal diseases. Our study indicated that hADSCs could be induced into neuron-like cells in a stepwise manner that are characterized by the positive expression of MAP2, SYNAPSIN 1/2, NF-200, and vGLUT and electrophysiological activity. We first primed hADSCs into neuron-like cells (hADSC-NCs) and then intracerebrally transplanted them into MCAO reperfusion mice to further explore their in vivo survival, migration, integration, fate commitment and involvement in neural circuit rebuilding. RESULTS: The hADSC-NCs survived well and transformed into MAP2-positive, Iba1- or GFAP-negative cells in vivo while maintaining some proliferative ability, indicated by positive Ki67 staining after 4 weeks. hADSC-NCs could migrate to multiple brain regions, including the cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and hypothalamus, and further differentiate into mature neurons, as confirmed by action potential elicitation and postsynaptic currents. With the aid of a cell suicide system, hADSC-NCs were proven to have functionally integrated into the hippocampal memory circuit, where they contributed to spatial learning and memory rescue, as indicated by LTP improvement and subsequent GCV-induced relapse. In addition to infarction size shrinkage and movement improvement, MCAO-reperfused mice showed bidirectional immune modulation, including inhibition of the local proinflammatory factors IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, MIP-1ß and promotion proinflammatory IP-10, MCP-1, and enhancement of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-15. CONCLUSION: Overall, hADSC-NCs used as an intermediate autologous cell source for treating stroke can rebuild hippocampus neuronal circuits through cell replacement.

Guardians of Childhood, Sentinels of Soul.

This article builds on an address delivered in New York City in March of 2020 to the National Conference of the College of Pastoral Supervision and Psychotherapy, a professional society of clinical pastoral educators. Interweaving narrative reflections of noted authors, poets, filmmakers, and other artists with pastoral theological literature and recent genetic and social scientific research, the essay explores parameters of the soul or psyche as comprising the unique center of the self. It invites readers to a recovery of soul by means of arduous acts of introspection-revisiting lost childhood wonder, hope, memories, and dreams-and an embrace of pluralism and individual difference.

Show Me the Real You: Enhanced Expression of Rogerian Conditions in Therapeutic Relationship Building with Autistic Adults.

Background: Research in psychotherapy and counseling theory has shown the importance of a strong therapeutic relationship. However, in the context of working with autistic adults, the relationship appears to be de-emphasized, or "different approaches" are recommended without specifying these. Neglect of relationship building may contribute to autistic adults' negative experiences with health care professionals identified in previous studies. Methods: I interviewed 17 autistic adults about their relationship building experiences with a wide range of professionals primarily from mental and medical health backgrounds. I also interviewed two mental health counselors and one psychologist who had experience working with this client group and had been recommended by autistic participants. I elicited best practice recommendations from all participants. I analyzed the data in an interpretive-interactionist framework and present them through creative analytic practice. Findings: I address one major theme in this article: the importance of Rogerian/person-centered relationship conditions. All had to be practiced in an enhanced way: (1) Enhanced congruence could be demonstrated through therapist self-disclosure and refraining from phony relationship building "techniques" such as vocal adjustments. (2) Enhanced empathy could be demonstrated through genuine listening and accurate interpretation; however, interpretation needed to be phrased tentatively. (3) Enhanced unconditional positive regard could be demonstrated through explicit verbal expression, practical demonstration, and remembering. Conclusions: Results largely mirrored research with non-autistic populations: different approaches were not needed for relationship building. Participants emphasized the importance of Rogers' person-centered conditions and described pivotal relationship building moments associated with enhanced expression of these conditions.

Why was this study done?: Previous studies have reported that autistic adults often do not experience good relationships with their mental and medical health care professionals, feeling misunderstood or patronized. This is a problem, as strong relationships are essential for good outcomes in many settings. Limited resources exist for professionals to improve their relationship building skills with this client group. The few texts that address this question at all do so only briefly. They either recommend different approaches (but do not specify these) or suggest that relationship building is too hard to be worth the effort with autistic adults. No research has yet engaged autistic adults to ask their recommendations for best practice in this area. What was the purpose of this study?: This study sought answers to three main questions: 1.What makes a good working relationship from the point of view of autistic adults?2.How do successful professionals establish relationships with their autistic clients?3.What do autistic adults want professionals to do to improve relationships? What did the researcher do?: The researcher asked 17 autistic adults and 3 non-autistic mental health professionals with expertise in autism about their experiences and recommendations for improving relationship building. What did the researcher find?: Several aspects were important, but this article discusses only one aspect due to a lack of space: using the same relationship building approaches as with non-autistic clients, but in an enhanced way.1.Professionals had to be authentic in all their interactions with autistic clients. If they were "fake," many participants became confused, as they could tell something was wrong. They could only trust professionals who genuinely cared about them.2.Professionals had to show empathy by listening to their clients without trying to advise or "fix" the person. Participants also appreciated if professionals showed understanding of their experience by interpreting it correctly.3.Participants needed to feel liked by their professionals. Professionals could show this liking best by:expressing it verbally,demonstrating it in a practical way (such as offering a cup of tea, putting clients in touch with support networks in the community, or finding extra resources for them), orremembering client details (such as access needs or interests). How will knowing this help autistic adults?: Many of those in the health care workforce want to learn how to engage better with their autistic adult clients. This study aims to lay the groundwork for a future resource for professional development. If professionals are empowered to build better, more trusting relationships with their autistic adult clients, health care outcomes may be improved. What are the weaknesses of this study?: This study had a relatively small number of participants. Therefore, the experiences they discussed may not reflect the experiences of the larger autistic community. Professionals should adjust their relationship building approach to each client's preferences.

The Revelation of Beauty in Nursing.

A recent insight into the attributes of beauty is used to show its relations to nursing science and its theories and paradigms. It is indicated how insight into beauty came from energyspirit perceptions-experiences of feelings from art objects. Rogers and her science of unitary human beings are viewed from the attributes of beauty. It is recommended nursing consider beauty as a concept for the advancement of nursing science.

Carl Rogers e a Recepção da Fenomenologia na Psicologia Estadunidense / Carl Rogers and the Phenomenology' Reception in American Psychology

Resumo Objetivou-se revisitar a relação de Rogers com o movimento de recepção da Fenomenologia na Psicologia estadunidense, empregando a noção historiográfica de recepção para investigar o que foi contatado por ele, em seus aspectos históricos internalistas e externalistas. Baseados nas menções de Rogers à Fenomenologia, identificaram-se sete momentos característicos de tal relação, entre 1940-1970. Como resultado, foi constatado que a Fenomenologia que Rogers menciona não é a oriunda da Filosofia europeia, mas advém de um paradigma de ciência alternativo ao positivismo hegemônico no behaviorismo. No contexto clínico, Rogers percebeu implicações desse movimento para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas e intervenções sobre o self. No campo filosófico, ele esboçou uma teoria do conhecimento baseada na experiência tácita e pré-conceitual. Na pesquisa, ele foi simpático ao desenvolvimento de investigações fenomenológicas empíricas, mas não chegou a desenvolver uma. Conclui-se que a Filosofia fenomenológica não influenciou diretamente Rogers, mas o movimento fenomenológico na Psicologia estadunidense sim.

Abstract We aim to revisit Rogers' relationship with the reception movement of Phenomenology in American Psychology. We use the historiographical notion of reception to investigate what was contacted in its internal-external historical aspects. Based on the Rogers mentions to the Phenomenology, we identify seven moments of such relationship, among 1940-1970. The Phenomenology that Rogers mentions does not derives from the European Philosophy, but it rather comes from a paradigm alternative to the hegemonic positivism in the behaviorism. In the clinic, Rogers perceived the implications of this movement for the development of research and interventions on the self. In the philosophy, he outlined a knowledge theory, based on tacit and pre-conceptual experiences. In the research, he was sympathetic to the development of empirical phenomenological investigations but did not develop any. We conclude that the phenomenological Philosophy did not influence Rogers directly, but the phenomenological movement in American Psychology did.

Promoting Integrated Care through a Global Treatment Budget: A Qualitative Study in German Mental Health Care using Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation Theory.

INTRODUCTION: Since 2003, as a means of enabling integrated care the German mental health care system has offered the innovative option of agreeing a Global Treatment Budget (GTB, also known as a regional psychiatric budget or innovative flexible and integrative forms of treatment FIT) with health insurers and regional care providers across sectors. Despite promoting legal frameworks and positive evidence on improving quality of patient care, this model has not spread widely. The aim of this study is to identify inhibiting and facilitating factors for the innovation diffusion. THEORY AND METHODS: We conducted expert interviews with 19 actors from nine German regions involved in GTBs, using a self-developed questionnaire based on Rogers' theory on innovation diffusion extended by the innovation system approach. Interviews were analysed applying qualitative content analysis. Code categories were built deductively operationalising Rogers' theory and inductively from the data generated. RESULTS: Observability of the innovation was perceived as good, but trialability, reversibility, compatibility with regular care structures as low, and thus the perceived risks of adoption as high. Complexity up to implementation is high, caused by numerous individuals and stakeholder groups involved. Diffusion took place in environments of strong individuals with venturesomeness, opinion leadership, and informal networking. As favourable framework conditions the monopoly and non-profit position of hospitals in well-defined care regions were identified. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Diffusion of integrated care could be accelerated by dissolving the multi-actor constellation, changing the communication strategy, and adapting the legal framework.

How Humanistic Is Positive Psychology? Lessons in Positive Psychology From Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Approach-It's the Social Environment That Must Change.

Both positive psychology and the person-centered approach share a common aim to promote human flourishing. In this article I will discuss how the person-centered approach is a form of positive psychology, but positive psychology is not necessarily person-centered. I will show how the person-centered approach offers a distinctive view of human nature that leads the person-centered psychologist to understand that if people are to change, it is not the person that we must try to change but their social environment. Centrally, the paper suggests that respecting the humanistic image of the human being and, consequently, influencing people's social environment to facilitate personal growth would mean a step forward for positive psychology and would promote cross-fertilization between positive psychology and the person-centered approach instead of widening their gap.

Measuring tree balance using symmetry nodes - A new balance index and its extremal properties.

Effects like selection in evolution as well as fertility inheritance in the development of populations can lead to a higher degree of asymmetry in evolutionary trees than expected under a null hypothesis. To identify and quantify such influences, various balance indices were proposed in the phylogenetic literature and have been in use for decades. However, so far no balance index was based on the number of symmetry nodes, even though symmetry nodes play an important role in other areas of mathematical phylogenetics and despite the fact that symmetry nodes are a quite natural way to measure balance or symmetry of a given tree. The aim of this manuscript is thus twofold: First, we will introduce the symmetry nodes index as an index for measuring balance of phylogenetic trees and analyze its extremal properties. We also show that this index can be calculated in linear time. This new index turns out to be a generalization of a simple and well-known balance index, namely the cherry index, as well as a specialization of another, less established, balance index, namely Rogers' J index. Thus, it is the second objective of the present manuscript to compare the new symmetry nodes index to these two indices and to underline its advantages. In order to do so, we will derive some extremal properties of the cherry index and Rogers' J index along the way and thus complement existing studies on these indices. Moreover, we used the programming language R to implement all three indices in the software package symmeTree, which has been made publicly available.

Um percurso gadameriano na produção de conhecimento em Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa / A gadamerian route in the production of knowledge in a Person-Centered Approach / Una ruta gadameriana en la producción de conocimientos en un Enfoque Centrado en la Persona

O presente artigo objetiva apresentar o percurso teórico-metodológico, construído pelo primeiro autor em sua Dissertação de Mestrado sob a orientação do segundo, baseado na filosofia hermenêutica de Hans-Georg Gadamer. Justifica-se sua relevância por ser uma alternativa estruturada para a realização de pesquisas bibliográficas dentro do escopo da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa (ACP). Para isso, procura-se inicialmente justificar a escolha da hermenêutica gadameriana em sua relação com o objetivo da pesquisa. Em seguida, apresenta-se a rede conceitual formada pela articulação das concepções preconceito, linguagem, tradição, atualização e fusão de horizontes que sustentam essa perspectiva, de forma que permita, posteriormente, sistematizar as fases investigação das informações, análise compreensiva e síntese hermenêutica para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa sobre o problema proposto. Finaliza-se o artigo com a constatação da potencialidade e proficuidade referente à aproximação, e consequente articulação, entre a ACP e a perspectiva filosófica gadameriana, com reflexões sobre as implicações quanto ao uso de um método hermenêuticofilosófico na produção de conhecimento na abordagem.

This article aims to present the theoretical-methodological route, built by the first author in his Master's Dissertation under the guidance of the second, based on Hans-Georg Gadamer hermeneutic-philosophical philosophy. Its relevance is justified because it is a structured alternative for conducting bibliographic research within the scope of the Person Centered Approach (PCA). For this, we initially want to justify an epistemological choice of gadamerian hermeneutics in its relation to the research objective. Then, we present the conceptual network formed by the articulation of prejudice, language, tradition, update and fusion of horizons that supports this perspective, in a ways that allows, later, to systematize the phases of information investigation, comprehensive analysis and hermeneutic synthesis to the development of research on the proposed problem. The article ends with the observation of the potentiality and proficiency related to the approximation, and consequent articulation, between PCA and the Gadamerian philosophical perspective, with reflections on the implications regarding the use of a hermeneutic-philosophical method in the production of knowledge in the approach.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo presentar el camino teórico-metodológico, construido por el primer autor en su disertación de maestría bajo la guía del segundo, basado en la filosofía hermenéutica de Hans-Georg Gadamer. Su relevancia se justifica porque es una alternativa estructurada para realizar investigaciones bibliográficas dentro del alcance del Enfoque Centrado en la Persona (ECP). Para eso, se busca inicialmente justificar la elección de la hermenéutica gadameriana en su relación con el objetivo de la investigación. En seguida, presenta-se la red conceptual formada por la articulación de las concepciones prejuicio, lenguaje, tradición, atualización, y fusión de horizontes que sostiene esa perspectiva de forma que permita, posteriormente, sistematizar las fases investigación de las informaciones, analisis comprensiva y síntesis hermenéutica para el desarrollo de la investigación sobre el problema propuesto.El artículo finaliza con la verificación de la potencialidad y rentabilidad relacionadas con la aproximación, y la articulación consiguiente, entre ECP y la perspectiva filosófica gadameriana, con reflexiones sobre las implicaciones con respecto al uso de un método hermenéutico-filosófico en la producción de conocimiento en el enfoque.